Human white blood cells synthesize morphine: CYP2D6 modulation
by
Zhu W, Cadet P, Baggerman G, Mantione KJ, Stefano GB.
Neuroscience Research Institute,
State University of New York College at Old Westbury,
Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
J Immunol. 2005 Dec 1;175(11):7357-62.
ABSTRACTHuman plasma contains low, but physiologically significant, concentrations of morphine that can increase following trauma or exercise. We now demonstrate that normal, human white blood cells (WBC), specifically polymorphonuclear cells, contain and have the ability to synthesize morphine. We also show that WBC express CYP2D6, an enzyme capable of synthesizing morphine from tyramine, norlaudanosoline, and codeine. Significantly, we also show that morphine can be synthesized by another pathway via l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). Finally, we show that WBC release morphine into their environment. These studies provide evidence that 1) the synthesis of morphine by various animal tissues is more widespread than previously thought and now includes human immune cells. 2) Moreover, another pathway for morphine synthesis exists, via L-DOPA, demonstrating an intersection between dopamine and morphine pathways. 3) WBC can release morphine into the environment to regulate themselves and other cells, suggesting involvement in autocrine signaling since these cells express the mu3 opiate receptor subtype.Morphine: structure
Endogenous morphine
Morphine biosynthesis?
Morphine and serotonin
Is morphine an antidepressant?
Morphine and sleep architecture
Opioids, depression and learned helplessness
Morphine in amygdala and the mu3 opiate receptor
Opioids, pain and the immune system in evolutionary perspective
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